A Sudoku Approach to Book of Mormon Geography

A Sudoku Approach to 

Book of Mormon Geography

Sudoku is a puzzle game that was developed and popularized in Japan. Each puzzle consists of a square containing nine sub-squares which each containing nine smaller squares. All the small squares within the original square also form nine columns and nine rows. Each small square needs to be filled with a number from 1 to 9. A number cannot be repeated within a row, a column, or a sub-square. A few random numbers are provided to give clues for the rest of the numbers. The puzzle is finished when all the small squares are filled in with no repeating numbers. Each Sudoku has a unique solution that can be reached logically without guessing.

The other day I was thinking about Book of Mormon geography and that it should have as simple and logical a solution as a Sudoku puzzle. We are provided with clues to the places and each and every location should have a unique location. In addition, all the various criteria must intermesh without discrepancy. There is only one correct answer. The City of Zarahemla could only have been in one specific place. The narrow neck of land was precisely located and there could not have been two such landmarks. By combining the clues provided by the book, we should be able to narrow down the choices until we arrive at the unique solution. With this in mind, I have compiled a list of criteria for the various lands and places. These criteria are by no means complete, and some may be incorrect. But by testing each proposed location against the needed criteria, we can determine if it meets the requirements. The criteria are listed below. If you have corrections or additions, please contact me at warrjames8@gmail.com

It should be noted that this approach will only work with those theories which have identified specific locations. Unfortunately many theorists have neglected to refine their theories to the point where they can pinpoint locations.

Criteria for the Land of Nephi.

It was a twenty days journey from Nephi to Zarahemla (with families, apparently traveling on foot) (Mosiah 23:1-4; 24:25). In rough mountainous terrain, this would have been about 100-200 miles.

It was an area of grassland or savannah (not a forested area or jungle) where they could raise grain and graze flocks (2Ne.5:11; Mosiah 21:16).

It was at a higher elevation than Zarahemla (Mosiah 7:2).

It was apparently located at the southern end of the south wilderness (Mosiah 22:12).

It was in a region of drier climate (hence probably the Pacific slope).

It was "many days journey" west of the Land of First Inheritance (with families apparently traveling on foot) (2Ne.5:7).

Nephi built a temple there (2Ne.2:16).

The city of Nephi had a wall (Mosiah 22:6).

There were abundant mineral deposits (2 Ne.5:15).

The Land of Mormon and Waters of Mormon were close by (no further than a days journey) (Mosiah 18).

It was adjacent to the lands of Shemlon and Shilom (Mosiah 19:6; 22:8).

Criteria for the Land of Zarahemla:

It was located to the west of the River Sidon, and probably at least half way up its course (Alma 6:7).

It was lower in elevation than the Land of Nephi to the south (Alma 27:5).

There should be no Jaredite style ruins (i.e. of stone) (see Nephite buildings).

It was divided from the Land of Nephi to the south by a narrow strip of east-west wilderness. (Alma22:27)

It was in a central part of the Nephite lands which were south of the narrow neck of land (Hel. 1:27).

It had a mixed (and probably segregated) population of Nephites and Mulekites which probably resulted in separate barrios or twinned cities (Omni 1:16-19; Mosiah 25:4).

The City of Zarahemla had a wall (it does not specify whether it was of stone or timber) (Hel. 1:21).

It was located at a distance of 20 days travel from the City of Nephi (apparently in a northward direction) (Mosiah 23:3; 24:25).

It was occupied by the Nephite faction from about 200 B.C. to 322 A.D. (The Mulekites may have arrived there fifty years or so earlier.)

It was bordered on all sides by areas of wilderness (Alma 22), including a west wilderness (Alma 8:3), the Wilderness of Hermounts northwest from Zarahemla (Alma 2:37), and the east wilderness (Alma 25:5).

South of Zarahemla and the narrow strip of wilderness, lay the expansive south wilderness of the Lamanite domains (Alma 22:27).

It was burned at the time of the crucifixion (3 Ne. 9:3).

The city of Gideon lay a short distance to the east (Alma 6:7).

It was an area where tropical diseases (i.e. fevers) and their remedies were present (Alma 46:40).

Criteria for the River Sidon.

It ran northward as it originated in the southern Nephite highlands (Alma 43:22).

It passed east of the City of Zarahemla (Alma 6:7).

It was shallow enough to be forded near the city of Zarahemla. (Alma 2:27,34)

It was large enough to carry the bodies of the dead Lamanites out to the sea. (Alma 3:3)

It was west of the hill Amnihu. (Alma 2:15)

It was west of the Valley of Gideon. (Alma 2:26; 6:7)

The City of Melek was to the west of the Sidon. (Alma 8:3)

The City of Manti was at the headwaters of the Sidon near the south wilderness.   (Alma16:6-7; 22:27)

The head of the River Sidon extended into the south wilderness. (Alma 43:22)

It passed through the central part of the Land of Zarahemla.

It may not have been navigable as no river travel is mentioned in the text.

Criteria for the Land of Bountiful.

It joined the land Desolation to the north at the narrow neck of land (Alma 22:29).

The "narrow pass" feature was apparently located at the border of Bountiful with the land of Desolation (Alma 52:9).

It was a day and a half journey (probably on foot) across the narrow neck on the border of Bountiful with Desolation (Alma 22:32).

The land of Bountiful was a wilderness filled with all manner of wild beasts (Alma 22:31).

It extended from the east sea to the west sea (Alma 22:33).

The land Jershon bordered the land of Bountiful to the south, along the shore of the east sea (Alma 22:22)

The cities of Mulek, Gid, Omner, Morianton, Lehi and Nephihah (in that order) were located on the seashore southward from the border of the land Bountiful (Alma 51:26).

There was a temple in the land of Bountiful (not the city Bountiful) (3Ne. 11:1).

In the account of the rebellion of Morianton, the impression is that Teancum's army had to travel some distance (perhaps even days) from some part of the land Bountiful to catch him at the narrow neck (Alma 50).

Criteria for the City of  Bountiful.

The city of Bountiful was within a days march of the city of Mulek which was somewhere near the eastern end of the south border of the land Bountiful.  The city of Bountiful was also within a days march of the east sea (Alma 52).

It was fortified with a moat and earthern banks (Alma 53:3-4).

The city was large enough to house a large group of Lamanite prisoners (Alma 52 & 53).

Criteria for the Land of Desolation.

It joined the land of Bountiful to the south (Alma 22:31).

It began at the narrow neck of land (Alma 22:32).

The City of Desolation was located near the narrow neck, on the border with the land of Bountiful (Morm. 3:5-7).

There were few trees in the land during Book of Mormon times (Hel. 3:3-11).

It was the southern limit of Jaredite habitation (Ether 10:21).

The land of Desolation was lower than the northern wilderness of the land of Zarahemla (Morm.4:19).

The seashore city of Teancum was nearby, and north of the city of Desolation (Morm.4:3).

The city of Angola, and the lands of David and Joshua, as well as the lands of Jashon and Shem were in the northern part of the land of Desolation, or north of that land (Morm. 2:3-6, 16-7, 21).

There were many evidences of the Jaredite wars in the land of Desolation during the early part of the Nephite occupation.

Criteria for the Land of First Inheritance.

It was probably located on the Pacific Coast of southern Central America.

The Nephite faction left there after a short time and traveled eastward to the land they called Nephi.  (2Ne. 5:5-7).

It was probably south of the South Wilderness, and far south of the land of Zarahemla.

The Lamanites did not maintain that land as their capitol for by 90 B.C. the Lamanite king was ruling out of the City of Nephi (Alma 22:1).

It was westward from the land of Nephi (although this may refer to the greater land of Nephi).  (Alma 22:28)

Criteria for the Jaredite Lands

They inhabited the area north of the land of Bountiful beginning with the land of Desolation.

Their domain included and extended north of the narrow neck of land (Hel. 3:3-7, Ether 7:5-6, Ether 10:20).  

There should be extensive evidence of the Jaredite civilization as the Lord promised that they would become the greatest nation on the face of the earth (Ether 1:43).

There should be no evidence of Jaredite ruins south of the narrow neck. This area was reserve for hunting (Ether 9:33; 10:20-21)

The Jaredite capitol Moron was "near" the land desolation (probably to the north) (Ether 7:5-6).  

There should be archeological evidence of a Jaredite city by the narrow neck of land, where the sea divides the land (Ether 10:20).

The Jaredites may have created stelae, or stone monuments, to record the reigns of their kings (Omni 20-21).

The Mulekites landed in the Jaredite lands and found the surviving king Coriantumr who lived with them for 9 "moons".  It is possible that the  Mulekites had substantial contact with the Jaredites (Omni 21, Hel. 6:10).

The Hill Cumorah (Ramah) was found within the Jaredite lands near the east sea (Ether 9:3, Ch. 15).

As the Jaredites came from ancient Sumer (later Mesopotamia), and were present at the Tower of Babel, they may have perpetuated the ancient practice of building stepped pyramids (or Ziggurats) which originated there.

If the Jaredites traveled by way of eastern Asia (as I believe), there may be evidence of cultural similarities.

Criteria for the Land and Hill of Cumorah

1. It was "many days" travel from the Jaredite capitol of Moron (Ether 9:3).

2. It was in a land of many waters, fountains, rivers, etc .(Morm. 6:4).

3. It was near an eastern sea (Ether 9:3).

5. The hill Ramah of the Jaredites, and the hill Cumorah of the Nephites, where Mormon hid all the records, are the same (Ether 15:11).

6. It was located in the Nephite land northward being north of the land they called Desolation, and north of narrow neck of land (Mormon Ch. 4 and Ch. 5:3-7).

7. It was located in an area which was large enough to contain at least 230,000 Nephites, plus the much larger invading Lamanite armies, and which could support the Nephites for four years while they prepared for the final battle (Mormon 6).

8. The hill was tall enough, and situated in such a way that Mormon could look down and see all the slain from top (Morm. 6:11).

9. The hill was large enough, and of such a nature as to conceal 24 survivors from the Lamanites (Mormon 6:11).

10. The hill was composed of material (such as limestone) where a cave could be found in which to hide the Nephite records (Morm. 6:6).

11. The hill was situated in such a way that it would afforded the Nephites a military advantage over the Lamanites (Morm 6:4). This advantage could have been strategic with natural barriers, such as rivers, lakes, etc. Higher ground would have afforded an advantage. There may have been existing fortifications left from the Jaredite wars. There may have been logistical advantages such as good supply of food and water to withstand a siege. There may have been large numbers of left over arrow points, ax heads, etc. which could be re-used, if the Jaredites had used stone weapons.

12. The hill was geographically situated so that the surviving Nephites could escape southward from Lamanite armies (Morm. 6:15; 8:2), but apparently not northward, which would have been the logical choice.

13.  There should be archeological evidences of a battle, or great destruction, such as weaponry (flint points, ax heads, etc.), fortifications, or other artifacts from the dead.  There should also be evidence of a large, but short term, inhabitation.

14. It was near Jaredite places called Ablom and Ogath (Ether 9:13, 15:10).

15. It was near the ocean called Ripliancum (large or to exceed all) by the Jaredites (Ether 15:8).

16. The seashore was eastward (distance unkown) from Cumorah (Ether 9:3).

Criteria for the Land of Ammonihah.

It was 3 days travel (apparently on foot) from the city of Melek, on the north of the land of Melek (Alma 8:6).

It was probably on the western border of the greater land of Zarahemla (Alma 25:2).

It was near, and probably west of, the city of Sidom (Alma 15:1).

It was near the city of Noah (Alma 16:2-3, 49:12-14).

It was near the city of Aaron (Alma 8:13).

The wilderness abutted Ammonihah on the west (Alma 8:5).  

There were 2 routes into the city (Alma 8:16).

It was fortified with Moroni's ditch and mound system (Alma 49:4).

Criteria for the Places Amulon, Helam, and the Valley of Alma.

Helam is 8 days journey into the wilderness from the city of Nephi (Mos. 23:3).

Helam is 12 (or 13) days journey from the city of Zarahemla (Mos. 24:23-25).

Helam was in an area suitable for agriculture (Mos. 23:4-5).

The Valley of Alma was one days journey (probably northward) from Helam (Mos. 24:20).

Amulon was suitable for agriculture, but apparently not as good as Helam as they did not return to it (Mos. Ch. 23).

All these locations were in the south wilderness between Nephi and Zarahemla.

The land of Amulon should probably be encountered first in traveling toward Nephi from Zarahemla in accordance with the experience of the lost Lamanite army (Mos. 23:31-36).

Criteria for the Land of Gideon.

It was situated east of the River Sidon and about a days journey from Zarahemla, (Alma 6:7).

A trail led southward from Gideon to Manti, and also to the land of Nephi (Alma 17:1)

The Land of Gideon was at a higher elevation than the City of Zarahemla (Alma 62:6-7).

It was near the hill Amnihu (Alma 2:15-20).  

It was located between the city of Zarahemla and the city of Minon (Alma 2:24).

Criteria for the Place Hagoth

It was on the borders of the land Bountiful, by the land Desolation, and  near the narrow neck of land (Alma 63:5).

The ships were built and launched on the west sea (Alma 63:5).

It was a safe harbor where ships could be launched and return (Alma 63:7).

Criteria for the Land of Jershon.

It was south of the land of Bountiful, by the east seashore and bordering on the south wilderness (Alma 27:22).

It was east of the city of Zarahema (Alma 27:22).

It was lower in elevation than the south wilderness (Alma 27:26).

It was north of the land of Antionum, or land of the Zoramites (Alma 31:3).

It probably encompassed the  eastern coastal cities of Mulek, Gid, Omner, Morianton, Lehi, Nephihah, and Moroni.

Criteria for the Land of Manti.

It was on the southern borders of the land of Zarahemla, at the head of the River Sidon, near the narrow strip of wilderness (Alma 22:27).

A trail from Gideon led southward to Manti (Alma 17:1).

To the south of the land of Manti, there was another valley along the course of the upper Sidon, with the hill Riplah on its east side.  (Alma 43:31-32) The battle described in Alma 43 and 44 was fought on the Sidon south of Manti. The route of travel crossed the river from the east to the west, and the route down to Manti from this point was on the west bank. The river was apparently fordable at this point (Alma 43:35, 40), and was large enough that the Lamanite dead could be disposed of in the river and be washed out to sea.

Criteria for the Land of Melek.

West of Zarahemla (Alma 8:3).

West of the Sidon River by the borders (on the edge of) of the west wilderness (Alma 8:3).

The land was large enough to contain the displaced Ammonites (Alma 35:13).

It was 3 days journey from the city of Ammonihah (Alma 8:6).

Criteria for the City of Moroni.

It was located on the shore of the east sea and was near the south wilderness of the Lamanites (Alma 50:13).

The land of Moroni bordered the land of Aaron, and the city of Nephihah was built in-between them (Alma 50:14).

Lehi was a nearby city to the north (Alma 50:15; 51:24).  

Moroni was surrounded by a wall (probably the trench-mound-palisade fortifications of Moroni) (Alma 62:36).
Moroni was probably just to the north of the land of Antionum.

Criteria for the Combined Cities of Mulek, Gid, Omner, Morianton and Lehi.

They were on the east on the borders by the seashore (Alma 51:26).

They were built for defense and were probably about a days journey apart (Alma 50:9-11).

Mulek was less than a day's journey from the city of Bountiful (Alma Ch. 52).

Lehi and Morianton were probably built in close proximity to each other (Alma 50:25-36)

These cities were all fortified with a ditch, mound and wooden palisade (Alma 51:27, 55:25-26).

They were arranged in order from south to north Nephihah, Lehi, Morianton, Omner, Gid and Mulek (Alma 51:26).

Criteria for the Combined Cities of Zeezrom, Cumeni, Judea and Antiparah.

They were on the west approaching the seacoast.

They appear to stretch westward from Manti in the order of Cumeni, Judea, Antiparah (Alma 56:14).

Cumeni seems to be just west of Manti (Alma 57:22).

The cities of Manti, Zeezrom, Cumeni, and Antiparah were apparently on the south border of the Nephite lands and were the first cities captured by the Lamanite invaders (Alma 56:14).

Cumeni doesn't appear to have been a fortified city (Alma 57:16-20).

Antiparah was between the city of Judea and an unnamed Nephite city near the west seashore (Alma 56:30).

The Nephite armies could flee two days northward from Antiparah into the wilderness (Alma 56:33-42).

In battle for Cumeni, defeated Lamanites were driven back to nearby city of Manti (Alma 57:22).

Some or all of these cities were fortified (Alma 56:20-21).

Criteria for the City of Nephihah.

It was located between Moroni and Aaron (Alma 50:14).

It was in the borders by the east sea, but apparently not right on the seashore (Alma 51:25-26).

There was a plain near the city (Alma 62:18).

The city had walls and an entrance (Alma 61:20-22).

It was south of the city of Lehi (Alma 51:25).

Criteria for the City of Teancum.

It was near the city of Desolation (Morm. 4:3).

It was located near the seashore (Morm. 4:3).

It was near the city of Boaz (Morm. 4:20).

The Nephites retreated northward to Teancum following their loss of the city of Desolation (Morm. 4:3).  

Criteria for the Waters of Mormon.

They were in the borders of the land of Nephi (Mos. 18:31).

There was a nearby forest or thicket in which Alma could hide (Mos. 18:4, 30).

They had been named by the king (Noah?) (Mos. 18:4).

They were seasonally infested with wild beasts (Mos. 18:4).

They are described as a "fountain of pure water" (Mos. 18:5).

Alma could teach a congregation of 450 at the place (Mos. 18:7).

It was at some distance, but probably less than a day's journey from the City of Nephi (Mos. Ch.18)

Criteria for the Land of Antionum

It was east of the land of Zarahemla, it was near the coast, the land of Jershon was to the north, and the south wilderness bordered it on the south (Alma 31:3).
A wilderness route to the city of Manti lay to the west (Alma 43:22).
A hill called Onidah was within the land of Antionum (Alma 32:4).
It was probably just south of the city of Moroni.

Of course there are many other places mentioned in the Book of Mormon which have not been included in this list.  However the same approach can be applied to them and separated criteria developed, where enough information is given.  

Jaredite Geography

Unlike the Book of Mormon, the book of Ether is rather stingy with geographical clues. A few are given which relate to specific places, however most are only vague references to places with no links to any specific locations. We are given few details but are given a general idea of their relationship to each other. Here I will attempt to list all the verses in the book of Ether that refer to geography, either directly, or indirectly. These will then be related to my model of Book of Mormon geography found at http://www.mormongeography.com/ .

Jaredite geography coincides with that of the Nephites in four places. Because of this we can relate Jaredites geography to that of the Nephites, especially if we can identify the Nephite places first.  The geographies overlap:

1. At Cumorah and Ramah which are the same hill or mountain.
2. At Moron which is near the Nephite land Desolation (probably to the north).
3. At the hill Shim. Unfortunately we don't have a precise location for this landmark.  It should be somewhere between the Narrow Neck of Land and the Hill Cumorah.
4. The narrow neck of land. The Jaredites were mainly north of the narrow neck, while most of the Nephite history was to the south of this landmark. King Lib built a Jaredite city near the narrow neck. During Jaredite times the narrow neck was blocked by an infestation of poisonous snakes.

I believe that the original Jaredite landing, and the Jaredite capitol of Moron, was on the Gulf of Fonseca, in Central America, possibly near the modern city of Choluteca. The land of Desolation would have been in northwestern Nicaragua between the city of Rivas, and the Gulf of Fonseca. And finally, I have suggested that the Hill Ramah (or Cumorah) was at Cerro San Gil near Puerto Barrios, Guatemala.

All the following locations in the New World will be linked to these key landmarks. The initial references in the beginning chapters of Ether refer to locations in the mideast or Asia. The geography can be divided into two sections: the journey from Babel to the New World, and the Jaredite occupation of the New World.

The Jaredite Odyssey

1:33 Moroni mentions the Jaredite's origin at the Great Tower, or the Tower of Babel.

This was probably located in the lower Tigris/Euphrates River valley. Suitable sites could have been Ur or Eridu at the mouth of the river, or upstream near the city of Hit, which was a major source of the “slime” (tar or bitumen) which was the mortar of the tower (Gen. 11:30).  Leonard Woolsey's excavations at Ur seem to be the logical site.

1:42 The Lord promises them a land choice above all the rest.

In Jacob chapter 5 the Lord speaks of this choice land but also contrasts it with several places described as “the poorest parts of the vineyard”. Does a choice land denote something physical or spiritual, or both. Does it refer to climate and geography, or possibly its position on the earth's surface. This is something that I haven't resolved yet. I don't believe it depends on the inhabitants, or this promised land would have been defiled and ruined ages ago.

1:43 The Lord promises the Jaredites that He would make them into the greatest nation in the world.

There should be surviving evidence of this greatness.  China and the surrounding areas in Asia, as well as the civilizations of the Americas, seem to fit this description. (see related blog)

2:1 The Lord commands them to travel to the valley of Nimrod. This was toward the north and down in elevation.

I have addressed the location of this place in another blog.

2:5 The Lord directs them to travel into that quarter of the wilderness where never man has been.

I assume that this refers to human habitation in the time period following the flood.  This would have been central and eastern Asia and/or the Americas.

2:6 They traveled in the wilderness and were directed continually (or repeatedly) by the Lord. 

To me this denotes a complicated journey requiring many decisions and repeated revelation. They crossed large bodies of water. These could have been singular or plural. Hugh Nibley points out that there were probably large remnant lakes in central Asia that existed for generations following the flood They built barges (plural) to cross these bodies of water. The Lord later comments that these were similar to what they would use to cross the ocean.

2:7 They reach a place which is beyond the sea in the wilderness. 

Here the Lord seems to indicate that there was only one large sea that they had to cross in Asia. He did not want them to stop when they reached the other side, but should continue on until they reached the final destination.

2:13 The Lord finally led them to the great sea which divided the lands. They called this place Moriancumer.

I believe this was the east coast of modern China.  The great sea was the Pacific Ocean. 

Designating the place Moriancumer would tend to vindicate Joseph Smith who said that the brother of Jared was named Mahonri Moriancumer. It also inidicates that Moriancumer was likely the real leader as the ancients tended to name places after their leaders or discoverers.

3:1 The text mentions Mount Shelem, a high mountain on the seashore.

I believe that this is Mount Loashan on the east coast of China.  Even today this is a holy mountain and is claimed to be the place where Taoism originated.

3:3 Moriancumer acknowledges that they have been traveling for many years as they crossed the wilderness.

It was a long and difficult journey.  How long? We don't know, but the legends of the Mesoamerican Indians indicate that they traveled for 104 years. This may be mythical or actual history, but we do know that they traveled a long time.  It was not a short, quick trip as the abbreviated account in Ether seems to suggest.  

6:5, 8 The Lord caused a furious wind to blow toward the promised land.  It continued until they reached the opposite shore.

This may have been an abnormal wind, created for the occasion, however natural currents do follow the jetstreams which are caused by the rotation of the earth. These always blow from west to east. There are also natural currents in the northern Pacific which flow from Japan to the coasts of North and Central America.  These winds would have amplified the natural currents.

6:11 They were at sea for 344 days, floating without sails or other means of propulsion or control.

This can give us an estimate of the distance that they traveled. Others (link dead) have estimated that the length of the journey from the coast of China to the New World would have been about 7250 miles and they could have covered this distance in 350 days at 21 miles per day.

The Jaredites in the Promised Land

6:12 They landed on the shore of the promised land.

This could have been anywhere from California south to Central America. For my model to work, they need to have landed at the Gulf of Fonseca. This ideal bay is located on the Pacific where El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua come together.

6:18 The people spread over land.

I believe this indicates that the various families separated and spread out over the country. One of the earlier problems in Sumer had been that the people congregated in and around the cities and didn't spread out and cover the face of the earth as the Lord had commanded. I believe that at this point they would have heeded His counsel and done so.

1:1 Moroni notes that the last Jaredite wars and destruction took place in the north country.

This reference is out of place, but fits in here. It indicates where the Jaredite population was located. It was in the north countries, north of the narrow neck of land.

7:4 Corihor rebels and leaves the land of Moron and goes and settles in the land of Nehor. 

No specific location is given for this land, but it was probably within a hundred miles of Moron.

7:5 The land of Moron is designated as the capitol where the king dwelt.

This city was normally the center of the land except when there were uprisings or when the kingdom was split because of civil war. I place it inland from the Gulf of Fonseca, probably in one of the major valleys and near a major river.  It was possibly near the modern city of Choluteca.

7:6 Moroni tells us that the land of Moron was near the land of Desolation.

According to my model, the land of Desolation was in northwestern Nicaragua, north of the narrow neck of land. The area surrounding the Gulf of Fonseca is adjacent to, and just north of this land.

7:9 The text mentions the Hill Ephriam, an area rich in iron ore.  (See blog The Hill Ephriam.)

7:11 The Jaredite kingdom spread over all the face of the land.

I do not believe that this refers to the populating of the continent, but only to the populating of a local area which could be properly governed by a small kingship.

7:16 Noah rebels and conquers the land of “their first inheritance.”  Shule the king is driven out and reigns from a different location.

Verse 17 equates this land with the land of Moron which was apparently the first colony of Jared's group and the capitol of the Jaredite kingdom.  Shule and his followers move outside the land of Moron.  

7:20 Because of this civil war, the country was divided into two separate kingdoms.

These would have been relatively small, local entities having a regional sphere of influence. A few years later the kingdoms are reunited, and it is assumed that the capitol returned to Moron.

8:2 Jared rebelled against his father and went to live in the land of Heth. From there he started a civil war and won half the kingdom.

This is one of the many instances in which rebels, discontents and wanderers leave the main group and move out to the frontiers of the kingdom. Some of the dissenters returned in peace, or to engage in civil war.  But it is likely that many others never returned, but established far flung colonies in an ever expanding circle outward from the original colony. Heth was far enough away from the main kingdom that Jared could build up an opposing army. It was probably on the borders of the Jaredite kingdom proper.

9:3 The record is somewhat vague about the capitol at this point, whether is was in Moron or Heth. I am assuming that it was in Moron. Omer was warned in a dream that there was a plot against him so he escaped and traveled many days away from Moron. He passed by the hill known to the Nephites as Shim (see Mormon 1:3) which must have been a prominent landmark in both Jaredite and Nephite times. His group passes the place where the Nephites were destroyed (Cumorah or Ramah), and then goes eastward to the place called Ablom which was by the seashore.

From Moron to Ramah was “many days” travel. It was not nearby. We are not given a location for the hill Shim, but it logically must have been in between Moron and Rama. I place it in central or northern Honduras. As pointed out earlier, I place Ramah at the Cerro San Gil, near Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Ablom would have been on the Guatemalan shoreline of the Gulf of Honduras. This may have been the same location as the Waters of Ripliancum (Ether 15:8).

9:12 Thru civil war all the inhabitants of the Jaredite kingdom were destroyed except thirty people and those that left earlier with Omer.

This would seem to infer a limited population in a localized area (i.e. not enough to fill the continent). It did not extend far enough afield to involve Omer who was on the opposite sea coast. It probably did not involve those groups who had earlier wandered off to colonized other areas. Civil wars, such as this, are normally an impetus for many refugees to flee the area of combat.

9:13 Omer traveled from Ablom and returned to the land of his inheritance (or Moron).

To me this indicates that his kingdom, that is the Jaredite kingdom, was a localized one and did not cover a large geographical area.

9:19 There were Elephants, cureloms, cumons present. I agree with the interpretation by Mr. Rencure (www.cureloms.com), in his well researched paper on the subject, that cureloms and cumons were basically mastodons and the elephant like species Cuvieroniinae.

If this be true, then we can infer that there should be abundant remains or fossils of these animals present in all the Jaredite lands. These animals facilitated heavy construction projects. Such animals were apparently not used by, or available to, the Nephites.

9:23 Coriantum built many mighty cities.

There should be archaeological evidence of these cities. The Jaredites centered their cities on pyramids, and pyramid complexes, following the pattern established by Nimrod at the Tower of Babel. The Nephites did not follow this pattern.

9:24 Coriantum lived to be 142 years old. 

This would tend to illustrated the long life expectancy of the Jaredite patriarchs, although this longevity apparently diminished as time passed.

9:26 By the time of Heth the people had spread over all the face of the land.

This would seem to indicate a limited land size as it had only been 4 generations since the population had  almost been reduced to nothing in the time of King Omer.

9:31, 33. A plague of snakes drove all the animals southward toward the land known by the Nephites as Zarahemla. The snakes then blocked the the way so that no humans could safely pass.

I interpret this as taking place at the narrow neck of land which I have identified as the Isthmus of Rivas in Nicaragua. There the snakes formed a venomous blockade preventing human passage for four generations, until they are finally destroyed by King Lib, about 900 BC.

10:4 Shez builds up the “broken people” following the famine. The people spread forth and populate the land. Shez builds many cities.

Here again the population is decimated by a natural disaster and has to be built up again, denoting a limited population. He builds many cities. There should be evidence of this.

10:5-6 Riplakish taxed and enslaved the people and built elaborate buildings and a beautiful throne using high taxes and slave labor.

This is in sharp contrast to the reign of king Mosiah and is the manner in which huge projects and magnificent structures are built. They usually involve onerous taxation and slave labor.

10:7 Riplakish had access to raw gold and refined it in his prisons.

This was probably near an area where raw gold could be produced or there wouldn't have been a need for him to refine it.

10:8 Riplakish's descendants were driven out of the land (i.e. out of the land of the kingdom).

Here we have another example of a group leaving the main body. They probably went a long distance away and established their own colony, far from their enemies.

10:9 Morianton, a descendant of Riplakish, gathered a band of outcasts and returned and conquered the kingdom.

This is an example of some coming back in from outside the influence of the kingdom.

10: 12 Morianton built up many cities.

We should have evidence of these cities.

10:19 In the days of Lib the snake barrier was destroyed. They went into the land southward to hunt. The land southward was covered with beasts of the forest.

This is speaking of the narrow neck of land, and southward into the greater land of Zarahemla. This would have been going south from the Isthmus of Rivas into northern Costa Rica.  Alma 22:31 refers to this same land describing it in a similar way.

10:20 Kib built a great city by the narrow neck of land, by the place “where the sea divides the land.”

This would probably have been near Managua, Nicaragua. There the two lakes divide western Nicaragua.  I have specifically identified this location as the landward side opposite the island of Zapatera in Lake Nicaragua.  

10:21 They preserved the land southward as a wilderness for hunting. The face of land northward was covered with inhabitants.

This land southward was the Nephite land of Bountiful and Zarahemla. When the Mulekites arrived, somewhere around 200 BC it was still a wilderness. However the Jaredite land north of the narrow neck was heavily populated.

10:23 They were skilled in working all kinds of ore-gold, silver, iron, brass and all different types of metals. They dug these ores out of the ground and built up huge mounds of waste rock in the process.

They lived in a geologically favorable environment for the mining of metals. We should be able to find evidence and a history of this mining and processing.

10:30 The kingdom was taken from king Hearthrom, apparently by someone from outside the kingdom.

Here again we can infer that there were outside groups and other settled colonies not of Jared's direct linage.

10:30-32 Hearthrom is overthrown by an unnamed usurper. After four generations Hearthrom's descendant Com regains the kingdom in a war with the then king Amgid.

Hearthrom was probably deposed by an outsider. If he had been a descendant of Jared his name would have been given. Here again we have a hint of outside groups.

12:30 We are told in an aside that Moriancumr moved mount Zerin by faith (and I assume, the power of the priesthood). We are given no more information on this miracle of miracles.

There are no other references to this mountain so we really have no idea where it was located. The complete account should be contained in Ether's full record. If I were to guess, I would say it was somewhere in Asia, before they crossed the sea.

13:25 There began to be war in all the land, with many individual bands fighting for plunder and gain.

Before the final wars, the country degenerated into anarchy, with strongmen forming their own armies and using force to achieve whatever they desired. This would have originally been limited to the kingdom of Jared, but may have gradually spread outward.

13:27 The armies of Coriantumer and Shared battle in the valley of Gilgal.

This would have been a large open valley where two armies could have free movement. I place it somewhere in Hondruras in a major river valley, possibly in the valley near Choluteca, Honduras.

13:28 Coriantumer beat Shared and chased his army to the plains of Heshlon.

Most of the areas in Honduras and the surrounding countries are quite mountainous and would not be considered plains. However, there is an area of level country in the northwest of Nicaragua, and also along the coastal areas, especially in northern Honduras. Guessing, I would place Heslon in the plains north of Leon, Nicaragua.

13:29 Coriantumer, and his army, are driven back to the valley of Gilgal.

14:3 Coriantumer pursued the brother of Shared to the wilderness of Akish.

This would have been a mountainous area east of Moron, probably no more than a hundred miles away.

14:5 Coriantumer beseiged the brother of Shared's army in the wilderness of Akish. They came out of the wilderness at night and surprised and destroyed part of Coriantumer's army.

This would have had to be an area favorable for a siege. It would not have been possible to effectively lay siege to a mountainous area open on all sides. It must have been an area with limited access which could be blocked. This would seem to be validated by the brother of Shared's escape thru the exact area where Coriantumer's army was standing guard.

14:6 The brother of Shared went from the wilderness of Akish to Moron and placed himself on the throne.

14:7 Coriantumer and his army lived in the wilderness (of Akish?) for two years.

14:11 Coriantumer went from the wilderness (of Akish?) up to Moron and attack Lib, who is now the king.

The use of “up” may or may not be significant. Often in the Book of Mormon this term refers to an actual change in elevation.

14:12 Lib was beaten and his army fled to the borders by the seashore.

I believe this would have been along the shore of the Gulf of Fonseca. The term “borders” usually refers to near or close by.

14:13 The two armies battled again on the seashore.

14:14 Lib beat Coriantumer who fled with his army to the wilderness of Akish.

14:15 Lib pursued Coriantumer to the plains of Agosh. As he fled through the land he conscripted all the inhabitants into his army.

There seems to be a break here. Did they go from Akish to Agosh, or directly from the seashore battleground to Agosh? I assume the former. This seems to be a longer journey and they finally end up on the eastern seashore. I place Agosh on the northern shore of Honduras where there are several level regions.

The Valley of Gilgal, the Plains of Heslon, the Wilderness of Akish, and the seashore, all seem to be within the environs of Moron. But with Agosh we start going farther afield.

14:17 In his pursuit, Shiz passed through many cities.

Here again this infers an extended and lengthy journey.

14:21-23 As a result of the lengthy war, the whole surface of the land was covered with the bodies of the slain. There were so many dead, and the people were so involve in the war, that they didn't bother to bury the bodies. The scent of rotting flesh became unbearable.

This is a summary of the results of the war up to this point and would seem to infer a limited regional area. Note that they had not yet come near to Ramah and the final slaughter. This is describing the area around the capitol of Moron, as well as the route to Agosh.

14:26 Shiz pursued Coriantumer eastward from the plains of Agosh to the seashore. Coriantumer could run no farther so turned and fought with Shiz and beat him.

I place this on the northern Caribbean coast of Honduras.

14:27 Shiz and his army fled before the army of Coriantumer to the land of Corihor.

I suggest that this is in the region around San Pedro Sula, Honduras

14:28 Coriantumer encamped in the valley of Shurr. This was near the hill Comnor.

This would have been a separate valley near the land of Corihor and near a prominent hill or mountain. This mountain would have been close enough to the land of Corihor that Shiz could have heard Coriantumer's trumpet call.

15:2 So far in the war two million men, plus their wives and children, had been killed.

Assuming a family size of five, this would have been ten million people. This gives us some idea of the size of the land that we are considering. How much land surface can ten million bodies cover? I would guess a minimum number of at least 1-5 bodies per acre to produce the effects described in Ether 14:23, probably more. This would be an area of 3125 (minimum) to 15,625 (maximum) square miles, or a square tract of land 125 miles on a side. (The minimum area would be a square of 58 miles on a side.)  For a comparison, the country of El Salvador has an area of 8123 square miles.  We are definitely not talking about a continent sized kingdom for the Jaredites.

15:8 Shiz beat Coriantumer (at the land of Corihor?) and Coriantumer fled to the Waters of Ripliancum.

This appears to refer to the open sea. I suggest that this is on the southwestern margin of the Bay of Honduras near the mouth of the Motagua River.

15:10 Coriantumer beat the army of Shiz which retreated southward from Ripliancum to Ogath to rebuild their forces.

I would place Ogath near Los Amates on the Motagua River in Guatemala. This is also near the ruins of the Mayan site of Quirigua.

15:11 Coriantum moved from Ripliancum and camped by the Hill Ramah. Here he spent four years gathering forces for the upcoming battle with Shiz. 

The two armies were probably not too close, but possibly within a days journey of each other.  I place the Hill Ramah, as indicated before, at the Cerro San Gil just northeast of Puerto Barrios, Guatemala.

15:14 The two armies rested for four years and conscripted all the surrounding peoples into their armies.

Everyone from a wide regional area was forced to join one or the other army.

15:15-32 Both Jaredite armies are destroyed following days of continuous battle. Only Coriantumer (and Ether) survived.

I would place these battles in the Motagua Valley, a large regional valley which is about 10 miles across in the region of the Cerro San Gil.  I have identified this mountain as the Hill Ramah/Cumorah. I would note that this annihilation of the Jaredites did not necessarily involve any others who had earlier separated from the Jaredite kingdom and moved farther north.